Wildlife-Habitat Types Literature Cited

1. Agee, J. K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 493 pp.

2. _____. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-320. 52 pp.

3. _____, and L. Smith. 1984. Subalpine tree establishment after fire in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecology 65:810-819.

4. Ahlenslager, K. E. 1987. Pinus albicaulis. In W.C. Fischer, compiler. The Fire Effects Information System (Data base). Missoula, Montana. U.S. Forest service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinalb.

4a. Airola, T. M., and K. Buchholz. 1984. Species structure and soil characteristics of five urban sites along the New Jersey Palisades. Urban Ecology 8: 149-164.

5. Akins, G. J., and C. A. Jefferson. 1973. Coastal wetlands of Oregon. Oregon Conservation and Development Commission, Portland, OR. 159 pp.

6. Albright, R., R. Hirschi, R. Vanbianchi, and C. Vita. 1980. Pages 449-887 in Coastal zone atlas of Washington, land cover/land use narratives, Volume 2. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.

7. Aldrich, F. T. 1972. A chorological analysis of the grass balds in the Oregon Coast Range. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

8. Alpert, P. 1984. Inventory and analysis of Oregon coastal dunes. Unpublished Manuscript prepared for the Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Portland, OR.

9. American Forest. 1998. Study documents dramatic tree loss in Puget Sound area. American Forest Press Release July 14, 1998. 2 pp.

10. Anderson, M., P. Bourgeron, M. T. Bryer, R. Crawford, L. Engelking, D. Faber-Langendoen, M. Gallyoun, K. Goodin, D. H. Grossman, S. Landaal, K. Metzler, K. D. Patterson, M. Pyne, M. Reid, L. Sneddon, and A. S. Weakley. 1998. International classification of ecological communities: terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Volume II. The National Vegetation Classification System: list of types. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.

11. Arno, S. F. 1970. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.) in the Pacific Northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Montana, Missoula. 264 pp.

12. Associated Press. 1991. Census: cities takeover U.S., Statesman Journal, December 18, 1991.

13. Atzet, T., and L. A. McCrimmon. 1990. Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. U.S. Forest Service, PNW Region, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, OR. 330 pp.

14. _____, and D. L. Wheeler. 1982. Historical and ecological perspectives on fire activity in the Klamath Geological Province of the Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests. : U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR. 16 pp.

15. _____, and _____. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountains Province, Siskiyou National Forest. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

16. _____, _____, G. Riegel, and others. 1984. The mountain hemlock and Shasta red fir series of the Siskiyou Region of southwest Oregon. FIR Report 6(1): 4-7.

17. _____, D.E. White, L.A. McCrimmon, P.A. Martinez, P.R. Fong, and V.D. Randall. 1996. Field guide to the forested plant associations of southwestern Oregon. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-17-96.

18. Bakun, A. 1973. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.

19. Barber, W. H., Jr. 1976. An autecological study of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis, Pursh) in western Washington. M.S. Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 154 pp.

20. Barbour, M. G., and W. D. Billings, editors. 1988. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

21. Barnes, C. A., A. C. Duxbury, and B. A. Morse. 1972. Circulation and selected properties of the Columbia River effluent at sea. Pages 41-80 in A. T. Pruter and D. L. Alverson, editors. The Columbia River Estuary and adjacent ocean waters, bioenvironmental studies. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

22. Barrett, S. W., S. F. Arno, and J. P. Menakis. 1997. Fire episodes in the inland Northwest (1540-1940) based on fire history data. U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. General Technical Report INT-GTR-370. 17 pp.

23. Bastasch, R. 1998. Waters of Oregon. A source book on Oregon’s water and water management. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.

23b. Beisiinger, S. R. and D. R. Osborne. 1982. Effects of urbanization on avian community organization. Condor 84: 75-83.

24. Beschta, R. L., R. E. Bilby, G. W. Brown, L. B. Holtby, and T. J. D. Hofstra. 1987. Pages 191-232 in E. O. Salo and T. W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

25. Bigley, R., and S. Hull. 1992. Siouxan guide to site interpretation and forest management. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 215 pp.

26. _____, and _____. 1995. Draft guide to plant associations on the Olympic Experimental Forest. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia WA. 50 pp.

27. Bilby, R. E., and J. W. Ward. 1991. Large woody debris characteristics and function in streams draining old growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests in southwestern Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:2499-2508.

28. Black, A. E., J. M. Scott, E. Strand, R.G.Wright, P. Morgan, and C. Watson. 1998. Biodiversity and land-use history of the Palouse Region: pre-European to present. Chapter 10 in Perspectives on the land use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment. USDI/USGS. Biological Resources Division, Biological Science Report USGS/BRD-1998-003.

29. Blackburn, W. H., P. T. Tueller, and R. E. Eckert Jr. 1969. Vegetation and soils of the Coils Creek Watershed. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin R-48. Reno, Nevada. 81 pp.

30. _____, _____, and _____. 1969. Vegetation and soils of the Cow Creek Watershed. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin R-49. Reno, Nevada. 80 pp.

30a. Blair, R. B. 1996. Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6: 506-519.

31. Bottom, D. K., K. K. Jones, J. D. Rodgers, and R. F. Brown. 1989. Management of living marine resources: a research plan for the Washington and Oregon continental margin. National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute, Publication No. NCRI-T-89-004. 80 pp.

32. _____,_____, _____, and _____. 1993. Research and management in the Northern California Current ecosystem. Pages 259-271 in K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, and B. D. Gold, editors. Large marine ecosystems: stress, mitigation, and sustainability. AAAS Press, Washington D.C.

33. _____, J. A. Lichatowich, and C. A. Frissell. 1998. Variability of Pacific Northwest marine ecosystems and relation to salmon production. Pages 181-252 in B. R. McMurray and R. J. Bailey, editors. Change in Pacific coastal ecosystems. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 11. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, Maryland.

34. Brady, R. F., T. Tobius, P. F. J. Eagles, R. Ohrner, J. Micak, B. Veale, and R. S. Dorney. 1979. A typology for the urban ecosystem and its relationship to large biogeographical landscape units. Urban Ecology. 4:11-28.

35. Broadhurst, G. 1998. Puget Sound nearshore habitat regulatory perspective: a review of issues and obstacles. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. Olympia, WA.

36. Brockway, D. G., C. Topik, M. A. Hemstrom, and W. H. Emmingham. 1983. Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Forest Service. R6-Ecol-130a. 121 pp.

37. Cassidy, K. M. 1997. Land cover of Washington state: description and management. Volume 1 in K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M. R. Smith, and K. M. Dvornich, editors. Washington State Gap Analysis Project Final Report. Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

38. Chappell, C. B. 1991. Fire ecology and seedling establishment in Shasta red fir forests of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. M.S. Theses. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 133 pp.

39. _____, and J. K. Agee. 1996. Fire severity and tree seedling establishment in Abies magnifica forests, southern Cascades, Oregon. Ecological Applications 6:628-640.

40. _____, R. Bigley, R. Crawford, and D. F. Giglio. In prep. Field guide to terrestrial plant associations of the Puget Lowland, Washington. Washington Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA.

41. _____, and R. C. Crawford. 1997. Native vegetation of the South Puget Sound prairie landscape. Pages 107-122 in P. Dunn and K. Ewing, editors. Ecology and conservation of the South Puget Sound prairie landscape. The Nature Conservancy of Washington, Seattle WA. 289 pp.

42. Christy, J.A ., J. S. Kagan, and A. M. Wiedemann. 1998. Plant associations of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon. Technical Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-09-98. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. 170 pp.

43. _____, and J. A. Putera. 1993. Lower Columbia River natural area inventory, 1992. Unpublished Report to the Washington Field Office of The Nature Conservancy, Seattle,Washington. Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Portland, Oregon. 74 pp.

44. _____, and J. H. Titus. 1996. Draft, wetland plant communities of Oregon. Unpublished Manuscript, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Portland, Oregon. 87 pp.

45. Clausnitzer, R. R., and B. A. Zamora. 1987. Forest habitat types of the Colville Indian Reservation. Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Forest and Range Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.

46. Clemens, J., C. Bradley, and O. L. Gilbert. 1984. Early development of vegetation on urban demolition sites in Sheffield, England. Urban Ecology. 8:139-148.

47. Cochran, P. H. 1985. Soils and productivity of lodgepole pine. in D. M. Baumgartner, R. G. Krebill, J. T. Arnott, and G. F. Gordon, editors. Lodgepole pine: the species and its management: symposium proceedings, Washington State University, Cooperative Extension, Pullman, WA.

48. Cole, D. N. 1977. Man’s impact on wilderness vegetation: an example from Eagle Cap Wilderness, NE Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.

49. _____. 1982. Vegetation of two drainages in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper INT-288.

50. Conard, S. G., A. E. Jaramillo, K. Cromack, Jr., and S. Rose, compilers. 1985. The role of the genus Ceanothus in western forest ecosystems. General Technical Report PNW-182. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 72 pp.

51. _____, and S. R. Radosevich. 1981. Photosynthesis, xylem pressure potential, and leaf conductance of three montane chaparral species in California. Forest Science 27(4):627-639.

52. Copeland, W. N. 1979. Harney Lake RNA Guidebook, Supplement No. 9. U.S. Forest Service Experiment Station, Portland, OR.

53. Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-79.31.

54. Crawford, R. C., and H. Hall. 1997. Changes in the South Puget Sound prairie landscape. Pages 11-15 in P. Dunn and K. Ewing, editors. Ecology and conservation of the South Puget Sound prairie landscape. The Nature Conservancy of Washington, Seattle, WA. 289 pp.

55. Crook, C. S. 1979. An introduction to beach and dune physical and biological processes. In K. B. Fitzpatrick, editor. Articles of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc., Newport, OR.

56. _____. 1979. A system of classifying and identifying Oregon’s coastal beaches and dunes. In K. B. Fitzpatrick, editor. Articles of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc., Newport, OR.

57. Crowe, E. A., and R. R. Clausnitzer. 1997. Mid-montane wetland plant associations of the Malheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests. U.S., PNW Technical Paper, R6-NR-ECOL-TP-22-97. 299 pages.

58. Csuti, B., A. J. Kimerling, T. A. O’Neil, M. M. Shaughnessy, E. P. Gaines, and M. M. P. Huso. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 492 pp.

59. Daniels, J. D. 1969. Variation and integration in the grand fir-white fir complex. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow. 235 pp.

60. Daubenmire, R. F. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Washington State University Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 62. 131 pp.

61. _____. 1981. Subalpine parks associated with snow transfer in the mountains of Idaho and eastern Washington. Northwest Science 55(2):124-135.

62. _____, and J. B. Daubenmire. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. 104 pp.

63. Davidson, E. D. 1967. Synecological features of a natural headland prairie on the Oregon coast. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 78 pp.

64. Dealy, J. E. 1971. Habitat characteristics of the Silver Lake mule deer range. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PNW-125. 99 pp.

65. del Moral, R. 1979. High elevation vegetation of the Enchantment Lakes Basin, Washington. Canadian Journal of Botany 57(10):1111-1130.

66. _____, and J. N. Long. 1977. Classification of montane forest community types in the Cedar River drainage of western Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7(2):217-225.

67. Dethier, M. N. 1988. A survey of intertidal communities of the Pacific coastal area of Olympic National Park, Washington. Prepared for the National Park Service and cooperating agencies.

68. _____. 1990. A marine and estuarine habitat classification system for Washington State. Washington Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 56 pp.

69. Detling, L. E. 1961. The chaparral formation of southwestern Oregon, with considerations of its postglacial history. Ecology 42:348-357.

70. Detwyler, T. R. 1972. Urbanization and environment. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.

71. Diaz, N. M., and T. K. Mellen. 1996. Riparian ecological types, Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, R6-NR-TP-10-96. 203 pp.

72. Dickman, A., and S. Cook. 1989. Fire and fungus in a mountain hemlock forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 67(7):2005-2016.

73. Dodimead, A. J., F. Favorite, and T. Hirano. 1963. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean-- Part II. Review of oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region. International Commission Bulletin No. 13. 195 pp.

74. Douglas, G. W. 1970. A vegetation study in the subalpine zone of the western North Cascades, Washington. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 293 pp.

75. _____, and L. C. Bliss. 1977. Alpine and high subalpine plant communities of the North Cascades Range, Washington and British Columbia. Ecological Monographs 47:113-150.

76. Downing, J. P. 1983. The coast of Puget Sound: its process and development. Washington Sea Grant Publication, University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 126 pp.

77. Druehl, L. D. 1969. The northeast Pacific rim distribution of the Laminariales. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6:161-170.

78. Dunn, P. V., and K. Ewing, editors. 1997. Ecology and conservation of the South Puget Sound Prairie Landscape. The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA.

79. Eddleman, L. E. 1984. Ecological studies on western juniper in central Oregon. In Proceedings western juniper management short course, 1984 October 15-16. Oregon State University, Extension Service and Department of Rangeland Resources, Corvallis, OR.

80. Edwards, O. M. 1980. The alpine vegetation of Mount Rainier National Park: structure, development, and constraints. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 280 pp.

80a. Emlen, J. T. 1974. An urban bird community of Tucson, Arizona: derivation, structure, regulation. The Condor 76: 184-197.

81. Everest, F. H. 1987. Salmonids of western forested watersheds. Pages 3-38 in E. O. Salo and T. W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

82. _____, R. L. Beschta, J. C. Scrivener, K. V. Koski, J. R. Sedell, and C. J. Cederholm. 1987. Fine sediments and salmonid production: a paradox. Pages 98-142 in E. O. Salo and T. W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle.

82a. Falk, J. H. 1976. Energetics of a suburban lawn ecosystem. Ecology 57: 141-150.

83. Favorite, F., A. J. Dodimead, and K. Nasu. 1976. Oceaonography of the subarctic Pacific region, 1960-71. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin No. 33. 187 pp.

84. Florence, M. 1987. Plant succession on prescribed burn sites in chamise chaparral. Rangelands 9(3):119-122.

85. Fonda, R. W. 1974. Forest succession in relation to river terrace development in Olympic National Park, Washington. Ecology 55:927-942.

86. _____, and J. A. Bernardi. 1976. Vegetation of Sucia Island in Puget Sound, Washington. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 103(3):99-109.

87. Franklin, J. F. 1988. Pacific Northwest forests. Pages 104-130 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 434 pp.

88. _____, and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report. PNW-8, Portland, OR. 417 pp.

89. _____, K. Cromack, Jr., W. Denison, A. McKee, C. Maser, J. Sedell, F. Swanson, and G. Juday. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report PNW-118. Portland, OR. 48 pp.

90. _____, W. H. Moir, M. A. Hemstrom, S. E. Greene, and B. G. Smith. 1988. The forest communities of Mount Rainier National Park. U.S. National Park Service, Scientific Monograph Series 19, Washington, D.C. 194pp.

91. Frenkel, R. E., and E. F. Hieinitz. 1987. Composition and structure of Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) forest in William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. Northwest Science 61:203-212.

92. Frey, D. G., editor. 1966. Limnology in North America. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

93. Furniss, M. J., T. D. Roeloggs, and C. S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. Pages 297-323 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 19, Bethesda, Maryland.

94. Ganskopp, D. C. 1979. Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek Experimental Watershed. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 162 pp.

95. Gaumer, T. F., S. L. Benson, L. W. Brewer, L. Osis, D. G. Skeesick, R. M. Starr, and J. F. Watson. 1985. Estuaries. In E. R. Brown, editor. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

96. Gerard, P. W. 1995. Agricultural practices, farm policy, and the conservation of biological diversity. USDI, National Biological Service, Biological Science Report 4. 28 pp.

97. Gordon, D. T. 1970. Natural regeneration of white and red fir:  influence of several factors. U.S. Forest Service, Research Paper PSW-90.

97a. Green, R. J. 1984. Native and exotic birds in a suburban habitat. Australian Wildlife Research 11: 181-190.

98. Greenlee, J. M., and J. H. Langenheim. 1990. Historic fire regimes and their relation to vegetation patterns in the Monterey Bay area of California. American Midland Naturalist 124(2):239-253.

99. Habeck, J. R. 1961. Original vegetation of the mid-Willamette Valley, Oregon. Northwest Science 35:65-77.

100. Haeussler, S., and D. Coates. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 180 pp.

101. Hall, F. C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. U.S. Forest Service , R-6, Area Guide 3-1. 62 pp.

102. Halpern, C. B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology 70:704-720.

103. Halverson, N. M., and W. H. Emmingham. 1982. Reforestation in the Cascades Pacific silver fir zone: a survey of sites and management experiences on the Gifford Pinchot, Mt. Hood and Willamette National Forests. U.S. Forest Service. R6-ECOL-091-1982. 37 pp.

104. _____, C. Topik, and R. van Vickle. 1986. Plant associations and management guide for the western hemlock zone, Mt. Hood National Forest. U.S. Forest Service, R6-ECOL-232A-1986. 111 pp.

105. Hamann, M. J. 1972. Vegetation of alpine and subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. M.S. Thesis. Washington State University, Pullman. 120 pp.

106. Harper, J. R., D. E. Howes, and P. D. Reimer. 1991. Shore-zone mapping system for use in sensitivity mapping and shoreline countermeasures. Proceedings of the 14 ^th Arctic and Marine Oil spill Program (AMOP), Environment Canada.

107. Harr, R. D., and B. A. Coffin. 1992. Influence of timber harvest on rain-on-snow runoff: a mechanism for cumulative watershed effects. Pages 455-469 in M.. E. Jones and A. Laemon, editors. Interdisciplinary approaches in hydrology and hydrogeology. American Institute of Hydrology. Minneapolis. 618 pp.

108. Hemstrom, M. A., W. H. Emmingham, N. M. Halverson, S. E. Logan, and C. Topik. 1982. Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone, Mt. Hood and Willamette National Forests. U.S. Forest Service R6-Ecol 100-1982a. 104 pp.

109. _____, and J. F. Franklin. 1982. Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research 18:32-51.

110. _____, and S.E. Logan. 1986. Plant association and management guide, Siuslaw National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Report R6-Ecol 220-1986a. Portland, OR. 121 pp.

111. _____, _____, and W. Pavlat. 1987. Plant association and management guide, Willamette National Forest. U.S. Forest Service. R6-ECOL 257-B-86. 312 pp.

112. Henderson, J. A. 1973. Composition, distribution, and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 150 pp.

113. _____. 1978. Plant succession on the Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis habitat type in western Oregon. Northwest Science 52(3):156-167.

114. _____, D. A. Peter, and R. Lesher. 1992. Field guide to the Forested Plant Associations of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Technical Paper R6-ECOL 028-91. 196 pp.

115. _____, _____, _____, and D.C. Shaw. 1989. Forested Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Publication R6-ECOL-TP 001-88. 502 pp.

116. Hironaka, M., M. A. Fosberg, and A. H. Winward. 1983. Sagebrush-grass habitat types of southern Idaho. Forestry, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station Bulletin No. 15,University of Idaho, Moscow. 44 pp.

116a. Hobbs, E. 1988. Using ordination to analyze the composition and structure of urban forest islands. Forest Ecology and Management 23: 139-158.

117. Hopkins, W. E. 1979. Plant associations of the Fremont National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Publication R6-ECOL-79-004. 106 pp.

118. _____. 1979. Plant associations of South Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger Districts-- Winema National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Publication R6-ECOL-79-005. 96 pp.

119. Howard, J. L. 1996. Populus tremuloides. In D. G. Simmerman, compiler. The Fire Effects Information System [Data base]. U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. Missoula, Montana. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre.

119a.Ingold, D. J. 1996. Delayed nesting decreased reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings. Journal of Field Ornithology 67: 321-326.

119b. Ingold, D. J. and R. J. Densmore. 1992. Competition between European starlings and native woodpeckers for nest cavities in Ohio. Sialia 14: 43-48.

120. Jefferson, C. A. 1975. Plant communities and succession in Oregon coastal salt marshes. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 192 pp.

121. John, T., and D. Tart. 1986. Forested plant associations of the Yakima Drainage within the Yakima Indian Reservation. Review copy prepared for the Yakima Indian Nation-- Bureau of Indian Affairs-Soil Conservation Service.

122. Johnson, C. G., and R. R. Clausnitzer. 1992. Plant associations of the Blue and Ochoco mountains. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest R6-ERW-TP-036-92. 163 pp.

123. _____, and S.A. Simon. 1987. Plant associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province. U.S. Forest Service R6-ECOL-TP-255A-86. 400 pp.

124. Keeley, J. E. 1975. Longevity of nonsprouting Ceanothus. American Midland Naturalist 93(2):504-507.

125. _____, and S. C. Keeley. 1988. Chaparral. Pages 165-208 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

126. Kiilsgaard, C. 1999. Oregon vegetation: mapping and classification of landscape level cover types. Final Report. U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division: Gap Analysis Program. Moscow, Idaho. 22pp.

127. _____, and C. Barrett. 1998. Oregon vegetation landscape-level cover types 127. Northwest Habitat Institute, Corvallis, OR.

128. Kilgore, B. M. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests--its application to National Park management. Quaternary Research 3:496-513.

129. King County Park, Planning and Resource Department. 1987. Wildlife habitat profile-- King County Open Space Program, Seattle, WA. 111 pp.

130. Knutson, K. L., and V. L. Naef. 1997. Priority habitat management recommendations: riparian. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

131. Kovalchik, B. L. 1987. Riparian zone associations--Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema national forests. U.S. Forest Service R6 ECOL TP-279-87.  171 pp.

132. _____. 1993. Riparian plant associations of the National Forests of eastern Washington. A partial draft version 1. U.S. Forest Service, Colville National Forest. 203 pp.

133. Kozloff, E. N. 1973. Seashore life of Puget Sound, the Straight of Georgia, and the San Juan Archipelago. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

134. Krajina, V. J. 1965. Bioclimatic zones and classification of British Columbia. Pages 1-17 in V. J. Krajina, editor. Ecology of western North America. Volume 1. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

135. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1996. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated guide. University of Washington Press, Seattle. ISBN 0-295-97476-1. 288 pp.

136. Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map: potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication. 36, American Geographic Society, New York, NY.

137. Kumler, M. L. 1969. Plant succession on the sand dunes of the Oregon coast. Ecology 50(4):695-704.

138. Kunze, L. M. 1994. Preliminary classification of native, low elevation, freshwater wetland vegetation in western Washington. Washington Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 120 pp.

139. Kuramoto, R. T., and L. C. Bliss. 1970. Ecology of subalpine meadows in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecological Monograph 40:317-347.

140. Laacke, R .J., and J. N. Fiske. 1983. Red fir and white fir. Pages 41-43 in R. M. Burns, compiler. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. U.S. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 44. Washington, D.C.

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